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Key Findings

• From fiscal years (FYs) 2017 to 2019, approximately 575,000 undocumented and asylum-seeking children from Mexico and the Northern Triangle were encountered at the U.S. southwest border.
• In 2020, approximately 491,000 of these children remained in the United States with unresolved immigration status; 321,000 of these children were enrolled in U.S. K–12 public schools.
• Approximately 75 percent of these newcomers settled in California, Texas, Florida, New York, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, Georgia, North Carolina, and Louisiana.
• Federal law guarantees these students' right to an education; states and districts can apply for formula grants for assistance, as well as information and networking for support.
• Case studies in Louisiana and California show that schools apply multiple approaches to meeting the needs of these students, but federal assistance is insufficient, and schools need more teaching materials and better training.