| 来源类型 | Working Paper |
| 规范类型 | 报告 |
| DOI | 10.3386/w16431 |
| 来源ID | Working Paper 16431 |
| Brand Loyalty, Generic Entry and Price Competition in Pharmaceuticals in the Quarter Century After the 1984 Waxman-Hatch Legislation | |
| Ernst R. Berndt; Murray L. Aitken | |
| 发表日期 | 2010-10-06 |
| 出版年 | 2010 |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 摘要 | The landmark Waxman-Hatch Act of 1984 represented a "grand compromise" legislation that sought to balance incentives for innovation by establishing finite periods of market exclusivity yet simultaneously providing access to lower cost generics expeditiously following patent expiration. Here we examine trends in the first quarter century since passage of the legislation, building on earlier work by Grabowski and Vernon [1992,1996] and Cook [1998]. The generic share of retail prescriptions in the U.S. has grown from 18.6% in 1984 to 74.5% in 2009, with a notable acceleration in recent years. This increase reflects increases in both the share of the total market potentially accessible by generics, and the generic efficiency rate - the latter frequently approaching 100%. Whereas in 1994, the generic price index fell from 100 to 80 in the 12 months following initial generic entry and by 24 months to 65, in 2009 the comparable generic price indexes are 68 and 27, respectively. Recent studies sponsored by the American Association of Retired Persons focus only on brand prices and ignore substitution to lower priced options following loss of patent protection. For the prescription drugs most commonly used by beneficiaries in Medicare Part D, the average price per prescription declined by 21.3% from 2006 to 2009, rather than increasing by 25-28% as reported by the AARP. Finally, we quantify changes over time in the average daily cost of pharmaceutical treatment in nine major therapy areas, encompassing the entire set of molecules within each therapy class, not simply the molecule whose patent has expired. Across all nine therapeutic areas, at 24 months post-generic entry, the weighted mean reduction in pharmaceutical treatment cost per patient is 35.1%. |
| 主题 | Microeconomics ; Market Structure and Distribution ; Health, Education, and Welfare ; Health ; Industrial Organization ; Market Structure and Firm Performance ; Industry Studies |
| URL | https://www.nber.org/papers/w16431 |
| 来源智库 | National Bureau of Economic Research (United States) |
| 引用统计 | |
| 资源类型 | 智库出版物 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.153/handle/2XGU8XDN/574106 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Ernst R. Berndt,Murray L. Aitken. Brand Loyalty, Generic Entry and Price Competition in Pharmaceuticals in the Quarter Century After the 1984 Waxman-Hatch Legislation. 2010. |
| 条目包含的文件 | ||||||
| 文件名称/大小 | 资源类型 | 版本类型 | 开放类型 | 使用许可 | ||
| w16431.pdf（382KB） | 智库出版物 | 限制开放 | CC BY-NC-SA | 浏览 | ||
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