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Key Messages

• There is a great deal of potential in the cooperation activities of the new side agreement and the new commitments of the environment chapter of the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA), but for now they are potential only: time and experience will judge their ultimate utility.
• The Commission for Environmental Cooperation retains most of its previous responsibilities, with the notable exception of the ability to produce unsolicited (so-called Article 13) reports.
• The CUSMA defines “affecting trade or investment” in a novel way, significantly strengthening the standard commitments not to fail to enforce environmental laws, and to respect existing provisions in multilateral environmental agreements on ozone depletion, marine pollution and trade in endangered species.

On November 30, 2018, Canada, Mexico and the United States adopted an Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (ECA) that will take effect when the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) enters into force. The ECA will supersede the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), a side agreement that existed under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Unlike NAFTA, which dealt with the environment only in the side agreement, the CUSMA also has an environmental chapter. The interplay of the CUSMA environment chapter (Chapter 24) and the ECA formalizes how the three countries will cooperate on environmental protection and conservation.

Trade agreements can have important environmental effects. We take a look at what’s old, what’s new and what’s noteworthy in the CUSMA when it comes to the environment.