| 来源类型 | Working Paper |
| 规范类型 | 报告 |
| DOI | 10.3386/w21910 |
| 来源ID | Working Paper 21910 |
| Infrastructure, Incentives and Institutions | |
| Nava Ashraf; Edward L. Glaeser; Giacomo A.M. Ponzetto | |
| 发表日期 | 2016-01-25 |
| 出版年 | 2016 |
| 语种 | 英语 |
| 摘要 | Cities generate negative, as well as positive, externalities; addressing those externalities requires both infrastructure and institutions. Providing clean water and removing refuse requires water and sewer pipes, but the urban poor are often unwilling to pay for the costs of that piping. Standard welfare economics teaches us that either subsidies or Pigouvian fines can solve that problem, but both solution are problematic when institutions are weak. Subsidies lead to waste and corruption; fines lead to extortion of the innocent. Zambia has attempted to solve its problem with subsidies alone, but the subsidies have been too small to solve the “last-mile problem” and so most poor households remain unconnected to the water and sewer system. In nineteenth-century New York, subsidies also proved insufficient and were largely replaced by a penalty-based system. We present a model that illustrates the complementarity between infrastructure and institutions and provides conditions for whether fines, subsidies or a combination of both are the optimal response. One point of the model is that the optimal fine is often not a draconian penalty, but a mild charge that is small enough to avoid extortion. |
| 主题 | Public Economics ; Public Goods ; Health, Education, and Welfare ; Health ; History ; Other History ; Development and Growth ; Development ; Regional and Urban Economics |
| URL | https://www.nber.org/papers/w21910 |
| 来源智库 | National Bureau of Economic Research (United States) |
| 引用统计 | |
| 资源类型 | 智库出版物 |
| 条目标识符 | http://119.78.100.153/handle/2XGU8XDN/579585 |
| 推荐引用方式 GB/T 7714 | Nava Ashraf,Edward L. Glaeser,Giacomo A.M. Ponzetto. Infrastructure, Incentives and Institutions. 2016. |
| 条目包含的文件 | ||||||
| 文件名称/大小 | 资源类型 | 版本类型 | 开放类型 | 使用许可 | ||
| w21910.pdf（245KB） | 智库出版物 | 限制开放 | CC BY-NC-SA | 浏览 | ||
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