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There are various market-based approaches to pricing carbon (e.g. carbon tax, cap and trade, and a clean energy standard). All of these can reduce emissions cost-effectively while driving clean energy innovation. This factsheet compares eleven carbon tax and cap-and-dividend proposals introduced in the 116th Congress (2019–2020). The eleven proposals are:

• The Energy Innovation and Carbon Dividend Act of 2019 (H.R.763) introduced by Reps. Ted Deutch (D-Fla.) and Francis Rooney (R-Fla.) on Jan. 24, 2019;
• The Healthy Climate and Family Security Act of 2019 (S.940 and H.R.1960) introduced by Sen. Chris Van Hollen (D-Md.) and Rep. Don Beyer (D-Va.) on March 28, 2019;
• The American Opportunity Carbon Fee Act of 2019 (S.1128) reintroduced by Sens. Sheldon Whitehouse (D-R.I.), Brian Schatz (D-Hawaii), Martin Heinrich (D-N.M.), and Kirsten Gillibrand (D-N.Y.) on April 10, 2019;
• The Climate Action Rebate Act of 2019 (S.2284 and H.R.4051) introduced by Sens. Chris Coons (D-Del.) and Dianne Feinstein (D-Calif.), and Rep. Jimmy Panetta (D-Calif.) on July 25, 2019;
• The Stemming Warming and Augmenting Pay Act of 2019 (H.R.4058) introduced by Reps. Francis Rooney (R-Fla.) and Dan Lipinski (D-Ill.) on July 25, 2019;
• The Raise Wages, Cut Carbon Act of 2019 (H.R.3966) introduced by Reps. Dan Lipinski (D-Ill.) and Francis Rooney (R-Fla.) on July 25, 2019;
• The America Wins Act of 2019 (H.R.4142) introduced by Rep. John Larson (D-Conn.) on August 2, 2019;
• The Modernizing America with Rebuilding to Kickstart the Economy of the Twenty-first Century with a Historic Infrastructure-Centered Expansion Act of 2019 (H.R.4520) introduced Reps. Ryan Fitzpatrick (R-Pa.) and Salud Carbajal (D-Calif.) on September 26, 2019.
• The Carbon Reduction and Tax Credit Act (H.R.5457) introduced by Rep. Sean Patrick Maloney (D-N.Y.) on December 17, 2019;
• The America’s Clean Future Act (S.4484) introduced by Sen. Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) on August 6, 2020; and
• Consumers Rebate to ban Emissions and Boost AlTernative Energy Act (H.R.8175) introduced by Rep. Jerry McNerney (D-Calif.) on September 4, 2020.