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This study contains an assessment of the cumulative costs of EU legislation on the European aluminium industry, as well as an evaluation of how these costs affect the competitiveness of this industry from an international standpoint. Cumulative costs are compared to production costs and current margins of the European primary aluminium industry, as well as to the production costs of international primary aluminium producers. The analysis draws on a sample of 11 primary aluminium plants, representing 60% of the total EU27 primary aluminium production in 2012.