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This article explores the changing livelihoods and resource management choices of
three rural communities in a dynamic logging frontier region along the Capim River in the
eastern Amazonian State of Pará, Brazil. A study of 13 successive logging events
during a twenty-year time span in a 3,000 ha community forest demonstrated that the
relationship between loggers and communities is a highly ambiguous one changing over
time from compatible to conflictive. Over the course of a decade, communities began
to experience loss of fruit, medicinal and game attracting species with high value to
their daily livelihoods, yet they never faltered from selling their timber rights. Two
socioeconomic factors were identified which influenced communities to sell timber
despite the losses in non-timber forest products: paternalistic relationships among
buyers and community members and expanding market involvement requiring more
cash to meet increasing needs.