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This dissertation addresses gaps of knowledge associated with how ecosystem carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions are affected by land use land cover change in tropical peatlands. This was the first study that paired peat swamp forests with oil palm plantations and analyzed site scale variation on greenhouse gas emissions. This study was conducted over 16 months (September 2012 to December 2013) at Tanjung Puting, Central Kalimantan province, Indonesia. Three main objectives of this study were: 1) to quantify the total ecosystem carbon stocks and potential carbon emissions from peat swamp forest conversion to oil palm plantations; 2) to measure annual soil emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from forests and oil palm plantations; and 3) to assess the effects of fertilizer application on nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) emissions in the immature oil palm plantations.