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In this report we have assessed the literature on illegal logging and related timber trade and attempted to provide a scientific analysis of the current state of knowledge. Illegal logging and related timber trade are complex and multi-faceted phenomena. The term “illegal logging” is very broadly used to include not one but rather a multitude of activities, which could also be termed “illegal forest activities”. These activities include violations of public trust (i.e. paying bribes or using violence for personal gain), violations of property rights (public, communal or private) and violations of regulations (notably, related to forest management, timber processing or finances/taxes).