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Key messages

• Many developing countries’ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) recognise the important role of forests and have put forward mitigation measures; however, these measures do not directly aim at reducing emissions.
• REDD+ is included in most developing countries’ NDCs and climate change policies, but drivers of deforestation and forest degradation are not fully acknowledged.
• NDCs will be ineffective in achieving their intended outcomes unless they include clear policies and measures to tackle the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation, as well as a transparent monitoring and evaluation framework.