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Key messages

• In different provinces or districts, the same laws can be applied in very different ways.
• Participation of customary land users and local communities remains ad hoc and requires that implementing regulations are strengthened, as the existing safeguarding laws are not sufficiently specific.
• Further developments of safeguarding laws and regulations (specifically the distribution of benefits from carbon financing) need to be well defined and better aligned with decentralization processes.
• Subnational actors are unclear on their role in a national REDD+ strategy and how they will be involved in decision making.
• REDD+ is challenged by a misalignment between land use decision-making powers and REDD+ management powers allocated to different bodies and levels.