| 摘要 | If you manage to break away from the maddening Delhi traffic for a fuel-refill, don't heave the sigh of relief. In fact, if possible, don鈥檛 breathe at all! That is what was revealed when TERI assessed air pollutants at 40 fuel refilling stations or 'petrol pumps' in Delhi.\n\nWhile the quality of air in the Delhi鈥檚 petrol pumps is appalling and way below prescribed standards, it has been found to be heavily laden with carcinogenic compounds.\n\nBenzene is present in petroleum products such as fuels, diesel fuel, crude oil, petrol. Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both animals and humans, therefore is currently classified as human carcinogen (Group A) by US Environmental protection agency, and International Agency for Research on Cancer 1996 and based on limited evidence for carcinogenicity in experimental animals. It is accepted that benzene is a genotoxic carcinogen and therefore no absolutely safe exposure level can be defined. TERI measured the concentration of various pollutants in the breathing zone of fuel pump workers. We also measured the PM10, PM2.5, NOx, and BTX concentration at fuel distribution centres (CNG pumps, petrol and diesel pumps) and estimated the exposure levels besides evaluating the effectiveness of existing control systems in the fuel pumps (such as vapour recovery system)\n\nFindings highlighted the high concentration of volatile organic compounds including benzene at petrol pumps, exposure and the impacts on health. Benzene vapourises quickly and is present as fumes in the air in and around the petrol pumps. It evaporates inside the fuel tank of a vehicle and the vapours fill the space above the liquid fuel, and when the vehicle is refuelled, vapours are forced out from the fuel tank by incoming fuel. An occupational hazard for the workers at the fuel stations, benzene is an established carcinogen and the globally accepted standard is 1 percent in petrol and in India, unleaded petrol has a benzene content of about 3 to 5 percent. This exposure is especially high during peak hours between 11 a.m. and 1 p.m. when there is a high concentration of vehicles at the fuel pumps.\n\n\n\nThe pollutants were measured in the breathing zone during summer as well as winter season. The process of monitoring included measurement of Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and total volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This was undertaken to assess the overall occupational exposure of the workers at the fuel refilling stations in Delhi.\n\nThe health risks of workers at petrol pumps are higher than workers engaged in non-fueling station jobs. At the fuel pump, the workers are exposed to high refuelling emissions for at least eight hours a day over their entire work life. Due to adverse health effects associated with air pollutants, it is imperative to screen and determine the prevailing concentration of air pollutants in the work environment.\n\nBased on the monitoring results, review of existing technologies and discussions with various stakeholders- fuel marketing companies, vehicle manufacturers, and architects, the following package for best practices can be suggested:\n\nAir quality guidelines and implementation mechanism: Study results highlight the need for setting guidelines for safe limits of occupational exposure at work sites. Establishment of norms for regular monitoring of pollution levels at fuel refilling stations. Installation of site-based warning mechanism for prompt action and redressal.\n\tPollution Potential Index of Fuel pumps: Develop criteria to index fuel pump based on its pollution potential. Location features such as multistory buildings, traffic density in the neighbourhood, number of clients expected at the location, air exchange rate and wind direction. This would help in laying down norms for the selection of site and designing of refuelling stations safeguarding health of both the station workers and the neighbourhood.\n\tEvaluate alternate architectural design models: Design, develop, and evaluate architectural features, which would improve air exchange rate at fuel distribution pumps. Specially designed roofs and features such as wind tunnels and/or underground air suction mechanisms as possible mitigation measures.\n\tIntroduce salient features such as setbacks between the road and dispensing aisles, develop buffer zone between surrounding commercial or residential area, and fuelling station as possible options for reducing toxic exposure concentrations. Improving air quality via measures such as landscaping sites with trees and foliage known to remove toxic pollutants.\n\tIntroduce design features in the fuel dispensing nozzle, the station fuel storage tanks, and the vehicle fuel tanks: To reduce escaping pollutants adoption and development of appropriate technology such as vapour recovery system for reducing toxic pollutants released from the refuelling nozzle, at tank delivery and storage tank filling time. Institutionalize technological features to reduce vapours escaping from the fuel tank of two-wheelers and four-wheelers.\n\tIncrease awareness of harmful effects of air pollutants: Increased awareness among different stakeholders to promote adoption of locally administered safety measures. Emphasize use of personal protection devices such as appropriate breathing masks and gloves. Reduce locally generated dust suspension by spraying loose soil, wet washing or containing dust by covering it appropriately. Establish norms to post warning signs to alert area occupants to adopt protective measures.\nAn assessment of the effectiveness of vapour recovery system (VRS) designed to reduce emission concentration of VOCs at the fuelling stations showed a reduction ranging from 10-59%, during summer and winter. VRS in fuel stations is a norm and a mandate in the western countries, South-east Asia and China, and has to be stringently followed. However, there is no such norm in India despite technological advancements. |
